Beethoven revolutionized virtually every form and genre of music in which he composed. His “Eroica” Symphony transformed that genre; his 32 piano sonatas enabled the development of piano music from the genial pieces of the late 18th century to the colossal masterworks of Liszt and Schumann; and his opera, Fidelio, embodied the virtues of liberty and equality that transformed Europe during his life.

Beethoven began work on the Fifth Symphony shortly after completing the Third; ideas that he would use in the Fifth and Sixth Symphonies had already been drafted in his sketchbook for the Third. He stopped work on the Fifth in 1806 to write what then became his Fourth Symphony. (He also completed the Fourth Piano Concerto, the Violin Concerto, the Triple Concerto, the Mass in C, and Fidelio while working on the Fifth Symphony.) When he resumed work on the Fifth, it was in tandem with another new symphony, the “Pastoral.” Both symphonies had their first performances at that brutally cold mega-concert that also included the premiere of the other work on this program, his Piano Concerto No. 4, and the Choral Fantasy, along with vocal pieces.

Perhaps concision is harder than expansion. Where the Third Symphony exploded the dimensions of the genre toward an almost geographical horizon, the Fifth compresses all of those interlocking advances of form and content into a much more compact space. The first movement is the shortest in all of Beethoven’s symphonies, fully energized by that famous four-note opening. This four-note rhythmic motif was an obsession for the composer at the time, appearing in other works and running through this one, sometimes clearly on the surface, other times insinuated deep in the texture.

The second movement is a set of variations on two themes. The first is a sweet song for the violas and cellos; the second transforms that song into a swaggering march that brings in the trumpets and timpani, seldom heard in classical-era slow movements. The Scherzo returns the rhythmic motto to the foreground, only to disappear in an almost comical fugue.

Beethoven linked the Scherzo to the finale with an astonishing transition that generates enormous anticipation over the insistent timpani. It bursts into blazing light with the finale and its grandly sweeping aspirations, where Beethoven expands the sonic range of the orchestra through the introduction of piccolo, three trombones, and contrabassoon for the first time in the symphonic literature. He caps this heroic apotheosis with a monumentally triumphant coda.

—John Henken